Choosing Immigrant Story Essay Samples Outiline

Choosing Immigrant Story Essay Samples Outiline What Needs to be Done About Immigrant Story Essay Samples Outiline Human rights and needs ought to be considered and the positives related to immigrants will need to get evaluated before the present government produces a decision on evicting or locking out anyone. Immigration is something which has occurred for a lengthy period of time, but on account of the contemporary advancements in travel and other technology, it's becoming increasingly more common. Obviously, the gap in the grade of education turns to be very large and immigrants are in a disadvantageous financial position since the moment they've arrived to the new nation. When combined with how the gap in wealth between wealthy and poor countries is ever increasing, it's apparent that immigration is something only likely to grow. The only means to stop illegal immigration is to create changes in rules. It's obvious that illegal immigrants searching for an immigration reform is a massive issue, there are various things holding our nation back from giving the ones in need one. Illegal immigrants bring plenty of problems to the United States of america, and several are of the opinion they ought to not be allowed to go into the country in the very first spot. An illegal immigrant can't be considered an employee under the IRCA, which automatically deals with the discrimination issue. Before starting an essay, it's important to understand what you're writing for. You've come quite a way and have a lot stronger comprehension of what a Rails application entails. Your writing has to be brief and concise. Drafting and planning together with researching should be done in order to have a simple writing. Reading samples of response papers is also an additional way by which you can easily learn how to compose a reaction paper to documentary. Also, you can look for sample expository essay topics so you will be aware of what to research and that which you will deal with. In here, you ought not introduce any new info. You should offer information which is related to your thesis. Essay outlines shows you that even if you're not an expert writer, you are still able to make a great essay. Making an essay isn't an easy job. Writing an argumentative essay can occasionally be confusing as you don't necessarily understand how to compose a convincing argument. Writing a persuasive, argumentative essay can be challenging, and at times it can find a little confusing. The immigrant issue is a popular issue on earth today. Unique Purposes of Education There are various purposes for gaining education like education will help to sustain an individual's social and financial life. An individual with a working visa doesn't delight in the advantages that a citizen of the country does. The issue is, it's hard to achieve that. The Foolproof Immigrant Story Essay Samples Outiline Strategy Select an easy project you need to construct. Immigration doesn't have to be the bad man's escape in the event the government provides enough jobs for everybody. The government isn' t only targeting the illegal immigrants but corporate America in addition to hiring undocumented workers to lessen their cost of conducting business. Thus, the governments and global communities should tackle the issue through the enactment of treaties and laws prohibiting the trend together with illegalizing prostitution. Illegal immigrants are the tremendous area of the economy. Slavery is connected with illegal immigration. Illegal immigration can be repealed in the event the government takes the right measures. Proper laws and reforms will need to go implemented in the struggle against illegal immigration and are likely to be prosperous. There are several different explanations for why people have their country to go to a different nation. It's indeed practical to work abroad, especially if it's the case that you do not observe any improvement in your nation's financial landscape. So, it's required to attempt to find the citizenship of the nation you immigrate to as soon as possible. The good' fight against despots and to curb the increase of extremist terrorists has made a lot of hot spots on earth.

Analysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare - 1353 Words

Many have read â€Å"Othello† and can clearly see how divided the characters are by many aspects, but one that seems to be most important to the whole theme is gender roles. The role of women in â€Å"Othello† varies from each female’s point of view and is easily recognized through their status and upbringing. From the point of view of the reader a person can definitely tell that they are also separated by class and that’s how it determines part of the problem for gender roles in this play. Another problem that is encountered is each woman’s personal attitude towards the men in the play. Lastly, one of the dividing factors for each female is how their upbringing really affects some of their actions. It is clear to see that Desdemona is from a higher social class than the other two women in the play. Throughout the play she is submissive to Othello and never argues against him. One example of her submissiveness is in Scene 3 Act 3 Line 89, where Desdemona declares that she is obedient, she says â€Å"I am Obedient.† Another example of the submissiveness to Othello is towards the end of Act IV when he orders her to bed and she goes with no argument or resistance. Bianca on the other end of social class is submissive only to her profession. She is submissive to Cassio in Act III and she says to Cassio â€Å"I must be circumstanced,† she is submissive to him in this part of the play for the reason that she is compelled by the law of society at that time to be submissive to him. In other words sheShow MoreRelatedOthello Analysis : Othello By William Shakespeare1115 Words   |  5 PagesRiley Thompson Professor Grill LIT 200 2 November 2014 Othello Analysis Assignment Othello, a play that was written in 1604 by William Shakespeare, is an example of a type of story called a â€Å"tragedy.† Throughout the course of the work, Othello proves himself to be very easily misled, despite his heroic status. This causes him to lose his ability to make good judgments and decisions. Even though Othello had a reputation as a hero, he ends up being one of the most gullible characters in the play whenRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare Essay2413 Words   |  10 Pagesprocess, such as a process known as Classical Conditioning. Mind manipulation has been presented by villains throughout movies, novels, and even plays. The play Othello, written around 1603 by William Shakespeare, with the villain character Iago, is characterized as a jealous, hubris, sinister, crafty, and manipulative being. William Shakespeare has managed to write a tragic play where he used Iago’s malicious words to provide early Classical Conditioning, to cloud Ot hello’s mind of critical thoughtsRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare1579 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscriminated against due to your race? In Othello by William Shakespeare the theme of race is evident through out the play and is a very critical aspect towards the plot. Since Othello has a strong sense of self he is able to counter-balance the overt racism he is faced with in the beginning because he is respected and has high stature as a war general. Him and his wife lived happily without worrying what others thought of their bi-racial marriage. But, when Othello hears rumors of his wife’s possibleRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare1436 Words   |  6 PagesRasheed Patrick Ms. Milliner EES21QH-01 01/17/17 Final Paper In Othello every character has their own personalities that makes them the person they are. In Othello there are characters that show true grit, a fixed mindset, and a growth mindset. Each characters are different which makes the book even more interesting. True grit means to endure and push through to do something better no matter what it takes. An example of grit is studying for a long period of time for a test and enduring the amountRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare1240 Words   |  5 PagesRationale In Part Four of the course, Critical Study, we studied Shakespeare’s tragedy, Othello. This is a play that comprises of enduring themes of love, betrayal, jealousy, appearance versus reality, racism, and revenge. I chose to write a diary for this play because we are only presented with the facade of these characters. Throughout the play, the audience is left to wonder what goes on behind the scenes. And the only way to achieve this is to put ourselves in their shoes in order to experienceRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare865 Words   |  4 PagesHandkerchief William Shakespeare is a famous writer had written lot of poetry, stories, dramas etc. In his drama, he usually has a sad ending. He introduces a clue that diverts a character’s mind and thought. One of his plays named â€Å"Othello† he introduces a handkerchief as a clue that had diverted different characters’ thoughts. That handkerchief changed from a love token into a source of suspicion in Othello’s mind. In this story, main character named Othello, who gave that handkerchief to his wifeRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare1505 Words   |  7 PagesQuanisha Taylor Dr. Traylor English 1102 16 November 2015 Sadistic Motives In William Shakespeare’s play Othello Iago has the ability to charm and convince people of his loyalty and honesty. Iago immediately introduced his malicious desire for revenge, but he had no proven reason for his actions. Throughout the play Iago devises a devious plan to convince the other characters of his cunning contrivance. Iago treats others as the fool with no intentions of caring about their feelings. Behind hisRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare1575 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscriminated against due to your race? In Othello by William Shakespeare the theme of race is evident through out the play and is a very critical aspect towards the plot. Since Othello has a strong sense of self he is able to counter-balance the overt racism he is faced with in the beginning because he is respected and has high stature as a war general. Him and his wife lived happily without worrying what others thought of their bi-racial marriage. But, when Othello hears rumors of his wife’s possibleRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare1090 Words   |  5 Pagesyears, women have been seen as inferior and weaker than men, while men are seen as superior and stronger than women. However, the word strong doesn t measure their physical strength, but by their strength to ignore societies standards. Othello by William Shakespeare takes place during the late 16th century a time in which women didn’t have a voice and were expected to be obedient and chaste. Although this was the case for many women, Emilia is a strong character because she stood up for what she believedRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare1378 Words   |  6 PagesEES21GH-02 01/20/17 Final paper Throughout the play Othello by William Shakespeare, we sit in on the life of an African American military commander, or Moor, who was deceived by a jealous under officer named Iago. Iago’s only motive for deceiving the Moor was animosity because Othello did not promote him to Lieutenant. With the help of a passive man named Roderigo, Iago was able to convince Othello that his wife had cheated on him with the man Othello did promote to Lieutenant, named Cassio. After convincing

Followers Need for Leadership

Question: Explain the topic "Followers need for Leadership". Answer: The term leadership means and includes the function of setting the direction and help to people or employees in any organization to make the performance of the appropriate functions. The act of leadership is regarded as the process through which any individual makes the influence of other persons make the accomplishment of the goals of any organization. The function of a leader is also to give the direction to any organization to make it more coherent and cohesive. The leaders carry out the process of leadership through the application of their skills and knowledge of leadership (Avolio Yammarino 2013). However, there are traits that are involved in the act of leadership. Such leadership is often regarded as the trait leadership. Followership is considered as the flip side of the leadership process. The process of followership stands for the purpose of reasoning the fact that the leadership is a very important process for making performance of the employees. But in the practical terms, the followership is considered or gets as only the small fraction of airtime as compared to the leadership process. The concept of followership a straightforward one. The process of followership is regarded as the ability to that exists in any person while working in any organization or team, to deliver the best that is expected from him or her (Chang et al., 2015). The label of excellent follower is regarded as a compliment backhanded. For instance, any leader may learn the skills in making the counseling of others, but his or her traits will play an important role in making the determination of the process involved by him or her in the counseling process. Any person having empathy is bound to become better counselors than those persons who think merely that the employees merely exist in the organization only for making the accomplishment of their binding. It is an important fact that attribute, knowledge and skills make any leader and are also regarded as the important factors of the process of leadership (Follett, 2013). Any follower will make the following of his leader only if such leader is knowledgeable and worthy. The leaders must comply with several factors. The leaders must bear an honest and clear understanding of the identity of the employees or his or her followers. Any leader must have the knowledge of the capabilities of every employee. It is because the followers, the employees, and not the leader determine the successfulness of any leader. In case the followers or the employees lack the confidence or the trust on the leader, then they would tend to become uninspired (Galaskiewicz, 2013). To be a successful leader, any person must acquire the art of convincing other people that include his or her followers. This is done to incorporate that belief in the minds of the followers that the leader is worthy enough to be followed. The primary feature of leadership process is that the different leaders make the following of different forms of leadership. For instance, any leader who is acquired recently requires extra supervision than an experienced person who is acting as the leader. Any person who is not motivated is required to have a different approach than any other person who has a greater degree of motivation. The fundamental beginning of the leadership process emerges through the better understanding of the followers or the employees in an organization. The term understanding makes the inclusion of the understanding of the motivation, needs and emotions of the employees (Heath et al., 2013). The banks are involved in making the classical business of taking deposits and granting loans. The primary objective of the banking sector is granted help to the seekers of financial help raising funds through loans. The managers perform the leadership functions in the banks. The styles of leadership of managers at banks at various levels tend to provide effective background to the banking industry. The study of the situational leadership, behavioral leadership, trait, dynamism, ability, perceptions and the attitude of the bank manager are regarded as quite helpful in making the management of the banking problems (Mwenda Wachira 2015). The attitude of the managers in the banks helps in improving the performance of the staff that are engaged in the business. The managers at the senior position must develop the relationship at the workplace. The development of the relationship at the workplace is considered as the essential element of the skills that every manager at the banking secto r must possess. The essence of the leadership in the banking sector is of primary importance. The managers responsibility is of importance to any banking sector. The manager takes all the decisions that are important in the banking industry. The manager sanctions the loans that are to be granted to the person. The manager sanctions such loan amount after the proper examination of the documents that are provided by the loan taker. The manager also acts as the leader in the banking process. The managers perform the function of managing the work force. The manager interacts with every employee and directs him or her the process of how to make the performance of their functions. The manager also insists the employees of performing their tasks that are based on the goals and objective of the particular organization. In the banking sector, it is the duty of the manager to communicate with the employees to transfer the vision of any banking organization to its employees (Nohria Khurana 2013). The attitude of any manager also plays an important role among his or her followers. If any manager bears a positive attitude, then the employees would also work with motivation and positivity in work. This would help in the enhancement of the working of the employees. In case the attitude of the manager is not based on positivity, then uncertainty would emerge in the minds of the employees or the followers. Hence, the managers need to develop a positive imaqge in the banking sectors in order to be worthy for following by the employees of any banking organization (Tannenbaum et al. 2013). In the contemporary times, there has been a significant change in the operations of the banking industry. In accordance to that the leadership techniques of the managers also subject to change in accordance to requirement. There has been increased relationship with the workforce of the manager of the banking sector in the recent times. Reference List Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.). (2013).Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Chang, T. Z., Chen, S. J., Chiou, J. S. (2015). Management Leadership Behavior and Market Orientation: The Relationship and Their Effects on Organization Effectiveness and Business Performance. InMarketing, Technology and Customer Commitment in the New Economy(pp. 276-281). Springer International Publishing. Follett, M. P. (2013).Freedom and Co-ordination (RLE: Organizations): Lectures in Business Organization(Vol. 15). Routledge. Galaskiewicz, J. (2013).Social organization of an urban grants economy: A study of business philanthropy and nonprofit organizations. Elsevier. Heath, D., Singh, R., Ganesh, J., Taube, L. (2013). Building Thought Leadership Through Business-to-Business Social Media Engagement at Infosys.MIS Quarterly Executive,12(2). Mwenda, L., Wachira, A. (2015). Effects of Leadership Styles on Implementation of Organization Strategic Plans in Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi.

Investigate the Energy Change during Neutralisation Reactions Essay Example

Investigate the Energy Change during Neutralisation Reactions Essay * Calorimeter This polystyrene device will hold the acids in the neutralisation reaction. This has been used, as it is a very good insulator of heat so as little as possible will be lost.* Burette This glass device can hold 50 cm3 of liquid and will be used to pour the acid in 1cm3 amounts into the alkali. This device has been used, as it is very accurate and easy to use.* Thermometer This will be used to measure the temperature of the reaction after each 1cm3 of acid has been added.* Clamp Stand and Burette Holder These will be used to keep the burette in place so it does not fall over and break or spill acid.* Strong and Weak Acid Hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid will be used for the strong acid and ethanoic acid will be used for the weak acid. 40 cm3 will be used to neutralise the alkali.* Strong and Weak Alkali: Sodium hydroxide will be used for the strong alkali and ammonia will be used for the weak. We will use 15cm3 of alkali at 1 mole per decimetre cube concentration. Preliminary WorkPreviously I performed a thermotitration with a strong acid and a strong alkali and I found that the following quantities would be suitable for my experiment: 15cm3 of alkali would neutralise well within 15% accuracy compared to the theoretical energy output. We also decided to use a 1-mole/dm3 concentration as we found 0.5 mole/dm3 was too little for a good result, and 2 moles/dm3 was too violent. The preliminary work also showed that it was necessary to use a good insulating material to house the reaction in and we also needed to use very accurate equipment.SafetyAs with any experiment there are safety issues that need to be followed. Many of the acids or alkalis used in this experiment are corrosives or irritants therefore safety goggles must be worn at all times. Also any spilt acids or alkalis need to be cleaned up immediately and any got onto skin or clothing needs to be washed up immediately. All equipment must be out of the way of walkways to avoid spillage a nd accidents. Smashed glass must be swept up immediately.Fair TestTo ensure this experiment is a fair test it is imperative that all tests are done in the same way. Any equipment to be used again after a test has been completed must be cleaned thoroughly to prevent any contamination in the next experiment that could affect the accuracy of the results.PlanWe will set up the equipment as shown below:As shown in the preliminary write up above I will be using 15cm3 of 1 mole/dm3 alkali and 40cm3 of acid at 1 mole/dm3. I will then use the burette to add 1cm3 at a time of acid to neutralise the strong alkali. After adding the strong acid I will then stir the solutions together to let them react and quickly take the temperature. I will then repeat this 40 times until all the acid has gone. I will then repeat this experiment for a strong acid against a strong alkali; a strong acid against a weak alkali; a weak acid against a weak alkali. Therefore I will be doing four experiments. To analys e the results I will be using the equation (mass x heat capacity of water (4.2) x change in temperature). This will give me the answer for the energy change in joules for however many moles there were in the concentration on acid. I will then need to find out the energy change for 1 mole so I will then work out the number of moles of acid there was using:Number of moles = volume (cm3) x concentration (mol/dm3)1000I will then divide the answer I got from the energy equation and divide this by the result of the above equation. Thus giving me the energy change for 1 mole of acid neutralising the alkali.PredictionFrom preliminary work and acid theory I can determine that in this experiment the reaction with the greatest energy change will be the strong acid reacting with the strong alkali. When an acid reacts with a base it dissociates to form ions. In the case of hydrochloric acid it will form H+ ions and Cl- ions. For this example almost all of the HCl will dissociate into ions howev er with a weak acid such as ethanoic acid only about 0.3% of the acid is dissociated into ions. The action of acids disassociating creates energy and therefore the stronger the acid the more energy. This rule also applies for the alkali bases. After doing some further preliminary work I found the theoretical values for energy produced in a neutralisation reaction. These values were as follows:Strength of acid/alkali (respectively)Energy (Joules per mole)Strong and StrongWeak and StrongStrong and WeakWeak and Weak-57,900-56,100-53,400-50,400As you can see this table proves my prediction to be right. I can use this table in my evaluation to see how accurate my experiment has been by working out the percentage error of my results.Prediction GraphsResultsSodium Hydroxide and Hydrochloric Acid (Strong and Strong) Start Temperature 19à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CVolume of Acid (cm3)Temperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)Cumulative Temperature Change (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)1.020.01.00.920.51.51.221.52.51.222.03.01.022.53.51. 123.04.01.023.54.51.024.05.01.124.55.50.925.06.01.025.06.01.025.56.51.126.07.00.826.07.01.025.56.51.025.56.51.025.06.01.025.06.01.025.06.01.024.55.51.024.55.51.024.55.51.124.05.01.124.05.00.924.05.00.924.05.01.024.05.01.024.05.01.023.54.51.023.54.51.123.54.51.023.54.50.923.54.51.023.04.01.023.04.0Ammonia and Ethanoic Acid (weak and weak) Start Temperature 19.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CVolume of Acid (cm3)Temperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)Cumulative Temperature Change (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)1.020.51.01.121.01.50.921.52.01.022.02.51.022.53.01.023.03.51.023.03.51.023.54.01.224.04.51.024.04.51.024.55.01.024.55.01.025.05.51.025.05.51.025.56.01.125.56.00.925.56.01.025.56.01.025.05.51.025.05.51.225.05.51.025.05.51.025.05.51.024.55.01.024.55.01.024.55.01.024.55.01.024.55.01.024.55.00.924.55.01.124.04.51.024.04.51.124.04.51.024.04.51.024.04.51.024.04.51.024.04.51.024.04.51.023.54.0Ethanoic Acid and Sodium Hydroxide (weak and strong) Start temperature 19.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CVolume of Acid (cm3)Temperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)Cumul ative Temperature Change (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)1.019.50.01.019.50.00.919.50.01.020.00.50.920.00.51.220.51.01.020.51.00.921.01.50.921.52.01.022.02.51.222.02.50.822.53.01.023.03.51.023.54.01.124.04.51.224.04.50.724.55.01.025.05.51.025.05.51.025.05.51.025.05.50.925.56.01.125.56.01.025.56.01.026.06.51.126.06.50.926.06.51.026.06.51.325.56.00.625.56.00.825.56.01.025.56.01.425.05.51.025.05.51.025.05.51.025.05.51.125.05.50.925.05.51.025.05.51.025.05.5Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide (strong and strong) Start Temperature 19.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CVolume of Acid (cm3)Temperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)Cumulative Temperature Change (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)1.020.00.50.922.02.51.224.04.51.225.56.01.026.06.51.127.07.51.028.08.51.029.09.51.128.59.00.928.59.01.028.08.51.028.08.51.127.58.00.827.07.51.027.07.51.026.57.01.026.57.01.026.06.51.026.06.51.026.06.51.025.56.01.025.56.01.125.56.01.125.56.00.925.56.00.925.06.01.025.06.01.025.06.01.025.06.01.025.06.01.125.06.01.024.55.50.924.55.51.024.55.51.024.55.50.924.55.51.224.55.51 .024.55.51.024.05.0AnalysisFor the first test (sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid) I will analyse the results using the equation:- (mass x heat capacity of water (4.2) x change in temperature)Therefore the amount of energy produced is:- (15 + 11.2) x 4.2 x 6.7 = -737.3 joulesHowever the number of moles of alkali was only 0.015 moles worked out by the equation: Number of moles = volume (cm3) x concentration (mol/dm3)1000So the amount of energy produced for 1 mole is -737.30.015This equals -49153.3 joules of energy.For the second test (ammonia and ethanoic acid) the results are as follows:Mass (from graph) = 15.8Change in temperature = 5.9- (15 + 15.8) x 4.2 x 5.9 = -763.2 joulesThis answer, then divided by 0.015 to give the answer for 1 mole of alkali gives an answer of -50,880.0 joules of energyFor the Third test (ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide) the results are as follows:Mass (from graph) = 22.8Change in temperature = 6.9- (15 + 22.8) x 4.2 x 6.9 = -1095.4 joulesThis answe r, then divided by 0.015 to give the answer for 1 mole of alkali gives an answer of -73,026.7 joules of energyThe fourth test is a repeat of the first test (hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide) the results are as follows:Mass (from graph) = 7.8Change in temperature = 9.2- (15 + 7.8) x 4.2 x 9.2 = -881.0 joulesThis answer, then divided by 0.015 to give the answer for 1 mole of alkali gives an answer of -58,733.0 joules of energyI would normally average the two results (for the first and last experiment) because they are repeats however the last result is very close to the theoretical value and if they were averaged this would not be the case so I will take the 1st result to be anomalous.For ease of reading and analysis I will put these results into a table and calculate the accuracy of my results from the theoretical results found in my preliminary workStrength of acid/alkali (respectively)Result from ExperimentTheoretical ResultPercentage Error:my answer true answertrue answerSt rong and StrongStrong and StrongWeak and StrongWeak and Weak-49153.3-58,733.0-73,026.7-50,880.0-57,900-57,900-56,100-50,40018%1%30%1%Average Error13%On the whole my results do support my prediction as for the reactions between both strong and both weak solutions the results only have a 1% error margin. Therefore my results show me that there is positive correlation between the strength of acid and the energy given off as heat in the neutralisation reaction.I believe this has happened because as stated in my prediction when an acid reacts with a base it dissociates to form ions. In the case of hydrochloric acid it will form H+ ions and Cl- ions. For this example almost all of the HCl will dissociate into ions however with a weak acid such as ethanoic acid only about 0.3% of the acid is dissociated into ions. The action of acids disassociating creates energy and therefore the stronger the acid the more energy.EvaluationIf it was possible for me to repeat this experiment again I would use a much more accurate measuring device. I would use a computer to measure the amount of acid added to the mixture so that the correct amount is used. I would also have the calorimeter on a machine that would constantly shake it so that when the acid is added it is thoroughly mixed with the alkali. For the temperature I would use a computer to continuously record the temperature so any change is noted and I would conduct the experiment in a temperature controlled environment so factors like wind or humidity could not affect the temperature. Because of the equipment available it was not possible to use a lid effectively so if the experiment was repeated I would also use one of these. To keep the insulation of the heat to a maximum I would use a more effective insulating material than the one the calorimeter was made of to make the results more accurate.The method I used did not include any repetition of experiments due to the time restrictions. To improve the accuracy I would do ea ch experiment 5 times then take an average leading to more accurate results.There were many problems encountered in this experiment and it is reflected in some of our results. One of our results had an error of 30%. This could be due to many reasons. On the graphs it shows the acid being added in 1cm3 amounts yet this was for ease of presentation. The amounts added were not always the specified amount and this resulted in the time for the acid to be added was increased or decreased. This could lead to the results being anomalous.Another reason for anomalous results occurring could be human error in the measurement of temperature or amounts of liquid. This could lead to the accuracy of results being affected. Due to the nature of the school laboratory it is possible for the solutions used to become contaminated and the pH to become changed. This could also have altered the results for my experiment. Apart from these possibilities I believe that the test I conducted was a fair one and complied with the statements I made in my plan.I believe that if I carried out the work stated above I would be more confidant of my conclusions. This is because the results ascertained from the above procedures would be a great deal more accurate than the method I used in my experiment.

Billingtons The Frontier and the American Character essays

Billingtons The Frontier and the American Character essays Historical interpretations are constantly being created, modified and refuted. One of the more controversial hypotheses in American history was put forth by Frederick Jackson Turner in what is known as The Frontier Thesis. In the Frontier Thesis, Turner states that the American character was shaped by the constant availability of new land. This interpretation has been vigorously questioned and defended in the past several decades. Historian Ray Allen Billington discusses Turners thesis in The Frontier and the American Character. Billington admits that while the Turner thesis has some significant shortcomings, as a whole the thinking behind the document was correct. The Frontier Thesis contains three significant flaws. Turner contends that the westward expansion was an orderly procession of civilization, marching single file. Billington notes that this comment was an oversimplification of what actually occurred. The westward expansion was far more complex. A second miscalculation by Turner was calling the land free. Billington explains that for every newcomer who obtained a homestead from the government, six or seven purchased farms from speculators. A final defect in Turners thinking is his contention that the frontier served as a safety valve for eastern workers fleeing industrial depressions. The factory laborers did not have enough capital to start a farm as they were making a mere dollar a day and they needed approximately $1,000 to create a farm. However, Billington notes that the Turner rationale is not without merit. The Frontier Thesis, while clearly not correct that the environment alone shaped the American immigrant into the New Man, does make several compelling points. Billington compared America to Australia to point out the validity of the safety valve contention. In Australia, the land beyond the costal plains ...

Power to the people - Emphasis

Power to the people Power to the people People power counts for a lot in writing. One in a hundred people is likely to produce a much bigger reaction from readers of your reports than one per cent, even though they obviously mean the same thing. Before you dismiss this as another example of general ignorance, you should know that experts are not immune to this effect. One study showed that it could trip up forensic psychiatrists, for example. They were twice as likely to refuse to release a patient if they were told that 20 out of 100 were likely to be violent after release than if they were told that there was a 20 per cent chance of this happening. One individuals story is likely to override even the most powerful numerical evidence at least if youre writing for the general public. And even if youre not, mentioning people (lawyers, for example) rather than groups (the legal profession) will give your writing much more impact. Charities know this when they use heart-rending case studies to get your support for their causes. And governments know this when they use the term collateral damage to play down accidental loss of life (by avoiding mentioning people at all). You can use people power to make your writing more effective. If you leave people out, you will almost certainly reduce its impact. Which do you want to do?

Computer Networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Computer Networking - Essay Example Hence, the document improves market benefits for the company, as well as reducing costs. It is anticipated that periodic evaluations of the IT policy will reveal that the majority of staff will find IT systems supporting improved management, control, and/or organizational planning, which provide staff with a consistent work environment, and encourage the company's culture of collaboration, inclusiveness and continual improvement. Other benefits to be expected form the Policy are enhanced team-spirit; consistency in work performance; staff confidence in the reliability and dependability of co-workers; increased employee satisfaction and decreased perceptions of stress; and improved employee moral and training programs; as well as improved customer satisfaction. Logging and accounting will serve important purposes within the Policy, in that they will aid in the management, tracking, accountability of use and misuse detection. The logging will especially assist with user monitoring and debugging of the IT systems. Logs can also help to identify and track the intruder if one does get through and provide additional data for other research processes. The Policy will also state the regular frequency of log review and evaluation. The company will use a single firewall program on all its workstations as well as the same version of anti-virus software. The firewall limit exposure to threats from the Internet and to mitigate the client's risk as it inhibits network traffic that does not meet the security policy (e.g. hackers). The anti-virus software and the frequency of mandatory definition updates will be outline in the Policy. Viruses are able to destroy critical client data and other company files. The system at Harder and Harder is currently compromised by a worm virus (warez) that has been giving the hackers access and privileges of an authorised network user. The anti-virus software can attack the future viruses and so minimize the risk. However, updated virus definitions are essential to ensure that the software is not rendered useless. And so the Policy clearly addresses these issues. The Policy will aim to discourage employees to use the network in ad-hoc communications, such as with wireless networks . A hacker is able to attack this system due to the lack of authentication. Ad-hoc networks can allow a hacker to execute man in the middle attacks, denial of service, and/or compromise systems.Further, the Policy will emphasise education, awareness and continual improvement among staff. Perception surveys of employee satisfaction, as well as outcome evaluations will be reviewed to determine degree of IT security consciousness and knowledge and compliance with IT policy. The Policy will stipulate ways that security awareness will be increased and maintained, for example through workshops, posters, or in newsletters. Studies show that staffs are more likely to comply with Policy and to make more of an effort to secure or at least limit behaviours that will put the network at risk.The Policy will introduce inclusive decision making staff meetings to come up with IT security solutions. In a collaborative forum staffs can suggest ways to limit

Donner party film research Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Donner party film research - Movie Review Example PatrickBreen left for US to live the life of his chosen religion which was catholic. Lansford Hastings saw US as a still undeveloped country which could be made very useful and profitable. Conversely, amajority of the people went to the US as an obvious destiny which was referred to as manifest destiny(The Donner Party). This destiny was a belief that American pilgrims were destined to develop the whole continent thus saw it as their justifiable land. This plus the idea of riches that awaited them with the discovery of gold them fuelled the desire to travel to California. George Donner and Jacob Donner were brothers who were already successful before they left for California. In fact the Donners are the mastermind of this journey and their opulence is portrayed in the type of wagons they hires for the family. They have three wagons each for their families.George Donner was motivated to travel by the gold discovery and free land in California. 2.Who was Alexis De Tocqueville? What was his reason for coming to America? Was De Tocqueville’s opening commentary in the film about the American people accurate at that time? Explain in some detail. Is De Tocqueville’s critique still relevant in American society today? Alexis De Tocqueville was a sociologist and political theorist of French origins. His reason for coming to America was to study the prisons of America. The study which led him to write his most acclaimed work ‘democracy in America’. Alexis opening commentary in the film was ‘American’s chase prosperity with great intensity until death eventually halts them in their tracks’(The Tragic Story of the Donner Party). Alexis opening commentary in the film was very accurate at the time this is because the Donner party scrambled to get to California in order to get more free lands, riches and other wealth they had heard of before. Some people even were already successful like the Donner family but their greed led them to travel and most of

Eighteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt Essay Example for Free

Eighteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt Essay Discuss the achievements of Hatshepsut on events and issues that she is remembered for in History and assess her legacy to the world. Hatshepsut was one of the most powerful women in the ancient world. She was the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt and the first female pharaoh. She ruled longer than any other woman in Egyptian history. Hatshepsut was pharaoh for approximately twenty-one years, from 1479 BC–1458 BC. Hatshepsut’s successful reign brought wealth to her country she helped shape Egypt into a stronger nation in many ways. Hatshepsut has been widely regarded as one of the most successful pharaohs throughout time and has left behind more monuments and works of art than any Egyptian queen. Hatshepsut’s parents were both from a royal background, and her father (Thutmose I) was Pharaoh when she was born. When Thutmose I died, Hatshepsut was about 15 years old, and Thutmose II took over as pharaoh. Thutmose II died after only three or four years of rule but historians have thought that during the reign of Thutmose II, Hatshepsut may actually have been in power. Hatshepsut had had a daughter, named Neferure, but Thutmose II also had a son, named Asset. When Thutmose II died, Thutmose III was still too young to rule, and Hatshepsut began to reign, using the title â€Å"God’s Wife†. This was an issue Hatshepsut had to face as people doubted a woman as a leader but the popularity of her father and her own charismatic presence enabled her to become a full pharaoh seven years into the reign of Thutmose III. Hatshepsut achieved a lot, including expanding territory, broadening trade, building and restoring temples, and maintaining stable order in Egypt. Egyptologists believed that there were no wars in the time she ruled, although evidence is now growing to suggest that Hatshepsut did protect her country against others that were invading Egypt. She mostly focused her efforts on constructing buildings and making Egypt a stronger, wealthier nation through trade. Hatshepsut reestablished the trade networks after the invasion of the Hyksos (a group of mixed Semitic-Asiatics) and in the ninth year of her reign, Hatshepsut sent a number of ships on a trading expedition to the distant land of Punt, located in the South of Egypt. The Punt trade provided goods (such as frankincense, gold and myrrh) that were essential to Egypt’s economic development and Hatshepsut continued to promote these trips. Archeologists and historians have noted that these expeditions have been featured on the walls of Hatshepsut’s temples. These expeditions brought great wealth to Egypt and enabled Hatshepsut to initiate building projects. Hatshepsut was one of the most prolific builders in ancient Egypt, commissioning several projects throughout both Upper and Lower Egypt. Hatshepsut restored and renovated several old buildings that had been damaged or destroyed by invading armies before her reign. Hatshepsut had monuments constructed at the Temple of Karnak she also restored the original Precinct of Mut (a temple used to worship the goddess of Mut). Not only did she restore and renovate, but she also started several building programs, for example, she built the Temple of Pahket, which is an underground, cavernous shrine. She also built her mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri, which took 15 years to build is the most significant monument Hatshepsut has built. Egyptologists have assumed that Hatshepsut ruled a long, peaceful era but evidence is now growing to suggest that Hatshepsut was involved in warfare. The Deir el-Bahri mortuary temple provides us with fragments and inscriptions showing defensive military activity against the Ethiopians during Hatshepsuts reign. Hatshepsut was certainly prepared to fight to maintain the borders of her country and keep her country strong. In 1458 BC, when Thutmose III was due to rule, Hatshepsut disappeared with no evidence of how she died. Whether Thutmose III murdered her or not is not known. Hatshepsut’s tomb was destroyed and only her liver was found, preserved in a jar. It is likely that Thutmose III arranged for the removal of Hatshepsut’s name from all her constructions, but historians have found no accurate reasons of why Thutmose III did this. Hatshepsut showed to the world and her country that a woman was able to rule with great self-confidence and help bring wealth to their nation, her rise to the throne might have inspired others, such as Cleopatra. She would do anything for her country and was brave and charismatic. Hatshepsut left behind beautiful, sacred monuments promoting Egypt’s tourist industry and further more, bringing wonder to her country in the 21st century. Hatshepsut showed legacy to the world by taking charge and getting things done for the benefit of her country. She wasn’t one to stand around and rose to the throne with great confidence, showing her country that she was worthy to be a ruler. Hatshepsut left many monuments as her legacy, however, no construction work ordered by Hatshepsut is more remarkable or impressive than her mortuary temple complex at Deir el-Bahri, which took 15 years to build was found several centuries after its completion, buried beneath hundreds of tons of sand. Although some monuments have been destroyed, she showed to the world that she was a great leader and was appreciated by the people of her country. She has been remembered long after her death not only because of her physical legacy (through her monuments and projects), but also her legacy of success, peace and strategic ideas. This has been led to several makings of documentaries about her, including The Secrets of Egypt’s Lost Queen, which was aired on the discovery channel a few books have been written about her, such as Her Majesty the King by Patricia L ONeill. Hatshepsut was a great leader in Ancient Egypt and she showed confidence bravery to her country, as well as showing to the world that a woman was able to rule with charisma and courage.

Shes Come Undone: Female Voice :: Shes Come Undone

She's Come Undone:   Female Voice  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  One of the most interesting aspects of She's Come Undone is the fact that it is written by a man but is told from a female's point of view. Because of his gender, it is impossible that Lamb could have experienced many of the hardships that Dolores must deal with in his novel. However, Lamb writes with a certain understanding of Dolores and her pain. In She's Come Undone, Lamb addresses issues often avoided by male authors, including female friendships and abortion. His convincing female voice has been critically acclaimed. Lamb writes about female friendships as if he has experienced them first-hand. His knowledge of the extreme trust that exists in these relationships is exemplified through the friendship between Dolores and Roberta. Dolores tells Roberta of her rape even before she tells her own mother (Lamb 112). It is only through Roberta's companionship that Dolores experiences true happiness. When Roberta comes to live with her, Dolores finally feels secure with herself and her surroundings (419). Roberta and Dolores each provide much needed encouragement for the other (422-423). Dolores takes care of Roberta during failing health, and Roberta provides Dolores with encouragement to continue her education and move on with her life. On the other hand, Lamb addresses the negative aspects of female friendships. This is best exemplified in the relationship between Dolores and Kippy, her college roommate. Dolores feels the need to impress Kippy. She writes a letter that presents a false but seemingly more attractive persona (146). She is too insecure to comfortably present her real self. Dolores is rejected by the other girls at college because of her physical appearance. The first person to befriend Dolores is the dorm janitor, Dottie. When Dolores realizes that the other girls in her dorm do not approve of Dottie, Dolores abruptly ends their friendship (201). Dolores and Roberta's friendship also has its negative points. After a petty argument, Roberta falls and is hospitalized. Dolores feels that she is solely responsible. Lamb realistically describes the guilt that can accompany some female relationships. Another area in which Lamb exhibits a certain expertise on womanhood is abortion. Many argue that women react differently to such an event than men do. Dante says that he is in mourning, but he can still go about his day everyday activities. His life does not alter in the slightest (340).

College Students Cheating on Exams Essay

In today’s age when you look at the word â€Å"Cheating†, you may find many different definitions or meanings. Whether you cheat at work; known as fraud, cheat at home; known as dishonesty, or at school, this act of conduct can lead to many consequences made by ones choice. Cheating as a word to me means to not follow rules or standards brought up as a person. As we focus today on students cheating, the first thing that comes to my mind is cheating on an exam. As much as we hate to believe it, students in these days have followed the path of trying to do anything to get that grade. I believe many students today are driven to cheat when there is too much emphasis to ace an exam from both parents and school staff. It’s difficult to dismiss why students cheat, but I think if you eliminate pressure, students are less likely to engage in such conduct. Cheating leads to breaking the rules in many cases. Sometimes cheating can also lead to students finding someone else to help take one another’. No matter how careful teachers or programs are designed to prevent it, students will always find ways to get around obstacles and cheat at one point. Students may think cheating on an exam might seem like an easy way for a student to get a good grade and get ahead in his or her career, but the end result is when students cheat on exams, everyone is affected in many ways. When a student cheats or decides to cheat on an exam, they forget to think about the consequences that occur as a result of the decision made. Have you ever stopped and thought of the different consequences that occur? Consequences can vary depending on the student getting caught cheating. Some professors may issue a grade of a zero as a standard consequence; other professors may report the cheating to school board depending on the kind of test taken. In most cases, the student will be put on academic probation for repeat offenses which can affect the student’s career development. The student may be able to get a job with more responsibilities and more pay, but they may not be able to keep it, or might even harm people. Whether the student’s career is medical assistant, a teacher, or a lawyer, the exams are supposed to show the level of knowledge required for them to perform well and how can one show that when they are cheating on studies or exams. Another consequence of students cheating is that students, who cheat and get caught, cause other current and future students who do not cheat to become penalized for honesty. When students cheat they change the rules of education in favor of themselves. At the same time changing rules for themselves also cause changing rules for those that choose not to cheat, end result at one point or another someone will be affected. When you think of cheating, the question you should ask yourself should be; â€Å"Are you willing to take a huge risk and possibly affect your future? † The end result to cheating is obviously not a good turnout that leads to many different wrong roads. Many people say once a cheater, always a cheater meanings if you cheat once, are you bound to cheat again or will you learn from your mistakes. On the basis of predictability of human conduct, when you think of exams your first perception would be who is going to cheat on the exam. There are many different reasons why people cheat, just as there are differences in individuals who may cheat. For some, cheating is a way of life, one may cheat for some relief and in other cases others may cheat and be caught off guard causing a momentary slipup, which in end result may never happen again. Now what causes a person to act in that behavior, and determine what caused that behavior. What factors lead a person to cheat is what many ask. Eventually one can make a change and not cheat again. I believe schools should organize speakers, programs and workshops in the framework of â€Å"helping a student to cope with stress†. As part of these programs, parents should be made aware of how they often teach their children to cheat by increasing the pressure or demonstrating that success is the ultimate value in life. Students need to learn that you can cheat your way through school, graduate without learning anything, then get a profession and cause another person to get hurt due to not knowing anything in school due to cheating. Next time if you should cheat to make that extra grade, think again because it may result in hurting yourself and your future or the future of others.

Book Review on the Third Side by William Ury

Book Review of â€Å"The Third Side: Why We Fight and How We Can Stop â€Å"by William Ury Reviewed By: Syed Shahzad Ali Class: M. Phil ( DPA) Review Submitted to: Dr. Anila Amber Dated: 17th October 2012 Book Review of â€Å"The Third Side: Why We Fight and How We Can Stop â€Å"by William Ury This is a state-of-the-art book on conflict management and negotiation by well known negotiator and mediator William L. Ury, an American National, who is world's leading negotiation expert, he has mediated situations ranging from corporate arena to wildcat strikes, and from family disputes to ethnic wars in the Middle East, the Balkans, N.Ireland and many other places. He has also worked on the problem of how to prevent nuclear war as a consultant to The White House Crises Management Center. He received his B. A from Yale and his Ph. D. in social anthropology from Harvard University. The structure of paperback â€Å"The Third Side† is concerned, it’s 251 pager light weight wi th blue cover page book which is easy to carry and read any where even in a train or bus while travelling or in coffee shop or at bed time, the font of Times New Roman has been used in the book with Bold heading ; text of book is justified.It facilitates the all state of affairs and human situations whether they belong from corporate arena to management ; labor disputes and from family crises to negotiation or peace talks between two warring countries i. e. its transforming conflict at home, at work and in the world in to Peace. This book has been written ; published in USA by Penguin Books. The title of the book is quite attractive and self explanatory for the affairs of conflict and its resolution i. e. â€Å"The Third Side † . The cover page content, color and logo again, portray the whole theme of paperback, its xplanatory subtitle on cover page of â€Å"Why We Fight And How We Can Stop† and In logo two human have been depicted in front and the word Third has been placed in between, in which the Alphabet â€Å"I† has been presented as Human which for surely complement the main Title of Book. The Purpose of book is to diminish the possibilities of conflict and change the culture of conflict within our families, our workplaces or organizations, our communities, and most importantly within our world. The idea of paperback is to explore the reasons we are in conflict and sets forward a roadmap to resolution.The author has given ten roles convincing manner for the prevention (Provider, Teacher, Bridge-builder), containment of conflicts(Mediator, Arbiter, Equalizer, Healer) and its resolution(Witness, Referee, Peacekeeper). These ten practical roles described as managers, teachers, parents, and citizens–that each of us can play every day to prevent destructive conflict, but much detailed has not been given about which sort of personalities can adopt to which role/s or Can anyone play the all roles simultaneously?And in our Pakistani s ociety where we have limitations to interfere into the other affairs as third side by using all ten roles cannot be possible to play by one individual. Apart from mediation, all roles lack in to tell someone that how one can develop the qualities to perform such roles and how you can do it? As far as his methodology is concerned so it's quite simplified but more hypotheses can be created region wise graphical representation but book lacks in it for instance author can segregate the chapters region wise that how one conflict resolves in one society i. . in east or west etc and variation in conflicts level in different societies or cultures. Much of examples are from his personal cases or experiences which have been discussed over again and again throughout the book but case studies from some other references can be included to prove his point of view which must give his work more authentication. Author is an anthropologist that’s why he has given too much depth in first too ch apter where he specifies about the history of human being and its evolution, culture development, population growth on earth , agriculture istory, industrial & Knowledge revolution, Development of weapons & wars etc, which some time distract the reader ‘s attention from its main theme of conflict management. Tone ; Expression of author was strong in beginning but it has become soften when third segment of book started from How can we stop? And at the end again tone ; expression of author found strong. Ideology of an author is ideal which might be varied from culture to culture ; Society to Society. Argument presented in the paperback with lot of enthusiasm ; conviction, one should appreciate it as well.Grip on content were sufficient within a single part of book and linkages among thr paragraphs were better but among the three parts it bit distracted as first part of book was bit lengthy ; over detailed and reader may lost the direction if he is not reading it in a one sitting . Conclusion has been depicted in a very persuasive ; suggestive manner which left the profound impression on the reader mind about the third side ; Conflict Management. It’s a significant contribution by William Ury to the domain of conflict Management.It's not only give the new meaning to manage the relationships while dealing with difficult people which is need of today's world specially for the society of Pakistan, but also it is equally instructive for the students of social sciences or psychology. One should read it once in his/her life whether one is professional or not or student of conflict management, to create a better understanding about the third side ; conflict resolution. It is the prime need of our society in Pakistan to include this special gift on Conflict resolution to make it the part of our educational curriculum.

buy custom The Legacies of the Second World War essay

buy custom The Legacies of the Second World War essay Girls or the Slender Means tells of a life after war. It was around the year 1945 when the Second World War had just stopped. Many people had lost their belongings and they had to adapt to a new way of living. Things had changed drastically and this particular book, narrates a story about a group of girls who were of about thirty years and below. These girls were living in some remains of hostels that were left and were looking horrible after the explosions in the war. In the story, we are told about the physical outlook and all the new activities in city they lived in. The narrator tells of the ugly outlook of the city after bombings and shootings during the war. These girls now lived a life of survival due to all the destructions and many deaths including most probably those of their relatives i.e. parents and husbands. They had no place to call home and no one to call a parent or husband (Gob, 2008). As the writer describes the situation in the city where the girls lived, we can see how the place appeared like the ancient ruins with all rooms having their walls ripped off exposing everything from inside including the wall papers and, some had one side of the wall missing and lavatory chains hanging out from the roofs. There is a pace of stunning claim and sober retraction, which recurs throughout the building and in a bad state apart from being a less comfortable place to be in (Ishiguro, 1990). Apart from the girls, everyone else was also living a life of savaging due to the poverty that had spread all over London after the war. Many people lost jobs and businesses and there ware destructions of many main buildings where businesses contributing to the economy of a country like England would lead to the suffering of a huge number of people. That shows the picture of the city where the girls lived as the writer explained. Because of the destructions during the war, everyone who survived except a few people ended up poor but the majority of them were kind hearted. It, therefore, gives an account on the way people encountered a lot of problems and suffering due to the impacts or war. The girls went through the ordeals because they had to move away from their home to London to look for a means of survival. We are told of their love lives and how they managed to live in the hostels (Ishiguro, 1990). Muriel sparks story on the Girls of the slender means takes us back to the time after the world war two because, it shows the life lived by these particular girl. Compared to life of girls of their age in a stable country, it is evident that this city life is abnormal and uncomfortable. If it were not for the war, these girls would not be living such miserable lives. Generally, the story gives a detailed description of the frustrations of the people of Kensington after the World War II. The girls who were once close friends and lived normal lives in a peaceful community now have to look for a means to survive together. Due to the limited resources, which they shared, they quarreled at times and reconciled. They lived with disguised characters and they pretended that they were courageous but in the real sense, they were scared of what awaited them (Pinter, 1991). The size of their body did not lie very much on their means as in their semi- distinguished notions regarding their lives. Their situation before the war was a much usual and comfortable one where they could mingle, play around in girlish way and then it turned slowly into destruction and death. The past became a time to be missed and cherished, as the future was not promising anymore, as they had expected. The women and other people arund the city were also facing the same problems and what they did was going to determine their future. Some of the girls started experiencing tragedies like Joanna Childes death and many other calamities that befell the inhabitants around that area (Parkes, 2001). When we look at The remains Of the Day by Shizuo Ishiguro, the situation is that of desperation of a servant of a rich British politician who has so much influence in the country. This is the story telling us all about a butler in the Darlington hall whose name is Stevens. Stevens heads a dozen of servants in the hall and is an extremely loyal servant of Mr. Farraday. He is too loyal to an extent that he does not care about himself and his own life and relatives. He even fell in love with a woman and could not follow his heart because of his job. He did his job to perfection. Stevens admired Mr. Darlington all his life as he worked for him. He realized some of his faults later after the dead of his master and did not feel proud of himself, as he had done in the beginning. He realized he gave his whole life and time to Mr. Darlington, a man who later became responsible to the destruction of his country and even the entire world (Hawthome, 1993). The Remains or the Day according to Stevens means what next should happen in the remaining years of his life. He feels he accomplished something after working very well at Darlington hall after which he is satisfied and ready to start an even better life (Hochmuth, 2008). It really does not sound like Stevens working years were good or of any satisfaction in anyway. This is because he lost many opportunities in the name of work and it was also wrong to ignore the need of his father to be with him at the time of need. Stevens lost the love of his life to someone else because he had to work. It does not look like there were any achievements for him at all when he found out about that side of the story (Joshua, 2004). Stevens interpretations are less glorious as we discover all that he lost and could not achieve for the sake of being a good servant. The real material of this book is Stevens attempt to put his life together and start all over in pursuit happiness. The factual journey from Darlington hall the countryside in the West, is a story mechanism from dramatizing the more important journey that he makes at the level of consciousness. The writer points out his view by placing all the important achievements in the past, clarifying it only through recollections and assumptions (Fox, 2010). The text is seen as shaped by the legacies of the Second World War in the sense that, the two stories both have different relationships towards the time after the war. Both stories have occurrences that happened between the years of 1940s and 1950s. This shows they happened at a time just after the Second World War; this is because from the way everything is being narrated, the writer keeps mentioning the World War 2. As seen in the book titled the girls or the slender means, the narrator writes a clear perception of the hard times, which people underwent after the WW II. Therefore, it so obvious that the trends unfolding in both the story relate so much with the aftermath of world war two (Ishiguro, 1989). Focusing on the girls of the slender means, we can see that as we read the story, we come across many outcomes of the Second World War. The prominent effect is the destruction of the houses. From the descriptions of the remains of the building there, especially the hostel that girls lived in, it is said that it had turned to some kind of ruins and this gives a pperception of the need for freedom. The way the majority of the people existing at the time is that of kind hearted but poor. This portrays the severe economic disaster that is faced in relation to the outcome of the war. The two books generally talk about the broad changes that came about after the World War II, explaining about how the aftermath of the second world ward had affected the lives of the girls in Kensington and they did not appreciate anything that was brought about by the war. Contrary to that story, Stevens life also changed after the war, and according to him, it was for the better unlike the girls. Stevens wa s now working for a different person who was freer to an extent of letting him even drive his car. As much as Stevens was proud about his past life, he also believed that his future was more promising (Spark, 1998). The girls in the hostels and the people from their neighborhood on the other hand, had no reason to be happy at all. All they knew at that moment after the war was nothing but suffering and time-to-time tragedies they were facing. Therefore, the two books simulate the huge impacts during the post wartime, which came on different ways, with others experiencing promising lifestyles in future and others facing poverty and other forms of frustrations. This shows that after the World War II, there were effects all over the areas affected by war but they came in different forms whereby some people enjoyed the outcome and others really regretted it. The girls of the slender means shows how the people in Kensington were not even able to face the future as they dreaded it so much. They lived very miserable lives and they always meditated as they tried to imagine what the future held for them. Their greatest fear was the possibility of a worst future and they felt discouraged and became hopele ss. Getting the worst future meant that they might have had to face consequences of poverty, which could be diseases or deaths. Many were stressed up and everyone was just helpless (Edgecombe, 1990). Going back to the Remains Of The day, Stevens seemed more exited to face the life after the war, because he believed that he was now ready to start all over again after being a loyal servant for a good number of years. He knew that he had a chance to live an independent life and maybe he would be lucky and be a boss too, or even marry and have children. Nothing could change his mind about having a good future, as he was sure that a good life awaited him in the future. To him, that aftermath of the war had had a good impact in his life and he felt freer as a man. These two books display the big positive and negative impacts experienced by the end of the World War II, though in two different forms. There are those who at the end of the war brought agony and pain while there are those who experienced freedom and happiness (Ishiguro, 1990). In conclusion, the two writers have brought out an indication of what the past of a persons life does not reflect the future. The girls who are currently living in a dilapidated city once lived in good houses and a comfortable, hospitable environment. They had all the good things to enjoy in life and they did not imagine that their future could be ruined at one point. The memories of their good past lives remain to be a dream that may never come true. They just remember it with nostalgia but nothing could be reversed. It was all lost and for them, living was no longer an opportunity to enjoy but a time to worry for the future. On the other hand, Stevens past live has drastically changed and he has a reason to smile. He gets a better job and his dreams are yet to come true (Ishiguro, 1989). Buy custom The Legacies of the Second World War essay

Is High IQ a Guarantee of Academic Success

Is High IQ a Guarantee of Academic Success High IQ is not a guarantee of success but it is a predictor of academic success. The study shows that students with IQ score within the genius level are more adaptable, healthier, stronger, and academically successful but only a few were successful in life. Those with IQs beyond genius level are highly intelligent but socially inept, mentally unstable, and not prosperous. Hashtag: #MouseTrapSpellingBee What Is Really an IQ? IQ is â€Å"intelligence quotient†, the result of a psychological test where a score of 95- 100 is considered average or normal intelligence. Now, by common sense, a score much higher than an  average mark, say 140, is extraordinary intelligence, a genius while score way below 95 is stupid. THE BRIGHT SIDES OF ACADEMIC INTELLECTUALS WE CALL NERDS People often admire a person with above average IQ because they are more intelligent than others are. Study of people with high IQ scores suggests that they have a  better visual perception or the ability to see small things clearly by blocking out distraction. They are also more liberal, less likely to be criminal, conservative in their emotions, adaptable to change, and talk with clarity and precision. How IQ Test Works? Let us explore the rudiments of the IQ Test and find out if people with high IQ scores are better in some aspect. The reason for setting the average score to 100 is â€Å"standardization†. In practice, since IQ Test is often administered in a group, 100 is not necessarily the average but rather a level by which each person’s score will be compared to get the normal distribution in a particular representative sample. The IQ Test measures â€Å"Crystallized and Fluid intelligence†. The term â€Å"Crystallized† means cumulative knowledge and skills while â€Å"Fluid† means reasoning, problem-solving, and abstract appreciation skills. Is IQ Stable When Under Pressure? Therefore, other human qualities such as talent, curiosity, perseverance, and hard work have no value. Moreover, the oldest person in the representative sample will score higher as crystallized intelligence is cumulative or the sum of all knowledge and skills learned through the years. According to the psychologists, IQ scores are only indicators of problem solving and reasoning and therefore do not represent a person’s overall intelligence and success in later life. IQ score is dependent on the physical and psychological condition of the person being tested thus a sick or depressed person is likely to score lower. A person with high IQ taking a #MouseTrapSpellingBee will like falter due to pressure and anxiety over the painful penalty when he makes a spelling mistake. Moreover, a person with high IQ is likely to excel in some aspect of life and therefore not all including a successful life. High IQ and Academic Success What happens if a person has an IQ of 5000? Scores above 200 are an  incalculable genius or profoundly gifted. Therefore, a score of 5000 may be godly but no term is available. The question, however, is people scoring 140 (Genius) or above often succeeds in academics and more successful? High IQ is not a guarantee of success but it is a predictor of academic success. The study shows that students with IQ score within the genius level are more adaptable, healthier, stronger, and academically successful but only a few were successful in life. Those with IQs beyond genius level are highly intelligent but socially inept, mentally unstable, and not prosperous. It’s not a secret that a lot of well-known scientists, artists and politicians have a really high IQ level. They were and are still famous. But did they consider themselves successful in life? Nobody knows. What we do know is that these high IQ people had a real academic success. But is that all for academic success? Not at all! Psychologist Lewis Terman proved that high IQ level is not enough for academic success. Such personal traits as willpower, creativity, persistence, and emotional maturity are the ones which really play an important role in being successful! ACADEMIC INTELLECTUAL IN POLITICS Crystallized and Fluid intelligence are strong predictors of achievement but people with greater Fluid intelligence or reasoning, problem-solving, abstract comprehension has much better chance of academic success. Similarly, high IQ does not guarantee life success as this kind of achievement need more than knowledge and skills, reasoning, and others. It needs hard work, resilience, perseverance, talent, and emotional intelligence.

Proper Way for a Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Proper Way for a Democracy - Essay Example d, p.1). Freedom, liberties, human right protection, fair elections etc are some of the basic elements of a democratic system. However, in many of the so-called democratic countries, human right violations are taking place continuously. Pakistan is the best examples for this. Malala, a teenage girl from Pakistan is currently struggling to save her life. Pak Taliban or Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), the fundamental Muslim group shot her because of her activities to encourage teenage girls to acquire education. â€Å"Malala was attacked by Taliban gunmen on October 9 when she was on her way from school. The TTP said that they will target her again if she survives because she was a â€Å"secular-minded lady†Ã¢â‚¬ (Web Desk, 2012). Pakistan is a democratic country on papers, but in practice, none of the democratic principles observed in Pakistan. Even the elected government is only a toy government in the hands of Pak military. Pak military on the other hand gets immense supp ort from the fundamental groups and hence they will not act against the will of the fundamentalists. In Pakistan, democratic institutions such as judiciary, executive and parliament often clash each other. For example, the removal of Pak Supreme court judge by the former Pakistan president Pervez Musharaf has created lot of political problems in Pakistan. According to Tomuschat (2008), â€Å"An independent judiciary prospers only in countries where democracy, human rights and in particular a free press, set a general framework stabilizing the rule of law† (p.308). In short, the existing political system in Pakistan is incapable of protecting human rights because of the lack of cooperation between different institutions in the... This paper stresses that at present America is conducting war on terror in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iraq with the help of UK like countries. Moreover, UK and US like democratic countries are supporting the agitations against the autocratic governments in all parts of the world. Democracy and human rights are two sides of the same coin. In other words, human right protection is one of the major objectives of any democratic government. However, the morality of interfering in other states, for the protection of human rights is often questioned, by sociologists and philosophers. The problems with the humanitarian intervention by superpower is that they interfere only in their enemy countries. They will keep silence if the culprit is their supporting country. For example, international community strongly condemned the human right violations taking place in Middle East. Israel is keeping no ethics or morality in their actions in Middle East. However, neither UK nor America seems to be int erested in blaming Israel or interfering in these matters. Humanitarian laws and international laws should be applicable to all. No country, under any circumstances shall able to escape from such laws and restrictions. This report makes a conclusion that humanitarian interventions can be justified in some cases only. Stronger powers often justify their actions in other countries in terms of humanitarian intervention. Once they entered another country, they also do the same thing or humanitarian violation. UK like democratic countries should stay away from interfering in the internal matters of other countries in the name of humanitarian intervention. Only after getting the consent from UN like global bodies, interventions should be done.

The history and development of freehold property title in english Essay

The history and development of freehold property title in english system - Essay Example There were three aspects of feudalism such as personal, property, monarchial control. Under this system, the kings had rights but also had to perform responsibilities under feudalistic societal norms Over time, it was seen that the monarch was responsible for giving fiefs to knights for military services rendered to him. The king was also responsible for the upkeep of land since he had only parted with possession and not ownership which still vested with the Crown. Thus it could be seen that in the 10th century, the kings exercised tremendous control and patronage over land, and granted its use as payment for military services rendered by his knights and military personnel. For the first time in English history, William claimed eventual control of virtually all the land in England and asserted the right to dispose of it as he deemed necessary. Henceforth, all land was owned by the King. At the initial stages, King William appropriated the lands of all English lords who were killed during war and fiefed them to his Norman soldiers and supporters. These initial approbations led to revolts, which resulted in more seizures which moved along unabated for five years after Battle of Hastings. Even after he managed to quell rebellions, William the Conqueror continued to exercise their domain and supremacy of Normans over the country. His influences was so extensive that if the event an England landlord died without any children, the King or his barons, could choose a heir for the dead man’s properties and successor from Normandy. He exercised control over properties by encouraging marriages to Normans, which resulted in the ultimate takeover of English aristocracy by Normans. The system enunciated by William has impacted even modern day property holdings in England. The land belongs to the Crown and no individual or private holdings may be enforceable. Even

Juvenile Charged as an adult and discuss life leading to criminal Research Paper

Juvenile Charged as an adult and discuss life leading to criminal background - Research Paper Example According to deputy attorney general, the case will also serve as an example to others who have the intension of commiting a similar. However, the manner in which this case was handled and ruled created severe criticism from human right activist, media, family members, and other professionals. According to critics, despite the nature and magnitude of the case, the boy was supposed to be treated like a minor in a juvenile court. There were some background information and experiences that forced the case to be moved into adult court systems. Up to that time, Jordan was the youngest suspects to be charged with homicide in the country. The essay below will address some of the background information that directed Jordan brown case to adult court (Nitespinr, 2010). To start with, in Pennsylvania, the law does not provide the lower age limit for murder charges. Due to this, a minor can be charged as a grown up person in a criminal homicide. The laws that operate in Pennsylvania therefore allowed Jordan to be charged with murder case the same way an adult can be charged in any court. On the other hand, according to University of Texas lecturer Lyndon Johnson, in most states across the country, the law permits children to be prosecuted in adult courts. Most of these laws were passed in 1990s and 1980s when juvenile crimes were at the pick. Additionally, in the initial stage of the case, Jordan failed to acknowledge his guilty. Despite of the available evidence, Jordan and his family declined to accept Jordan wrongdoing. According to Anthony Krastek, the deputy attorney general, it was very complicated for the boy to get the required counseling and counseling in the situation where he declines to acknowledge his guilty. As stated by the deputy attorney general, counseling services are only granted to suspect who acknowledge their guilty. On the other hand, the prosecutor informed the court

Plasmodium Falciparum Life Cycle

Plasmodium Falciparum Life Cycle Malaria is one of the world leading causes of death, especially among people living in sub-Sahara Africa and other tropical regions. Of the five species of the genus Plasmodium, the malaria protozoan parasite, known to infect Man, Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the most virulent, severe and dangerous form of human malaria. Over the years, chemotherapy has played central role in the strategies towards the eradication of this disease. However, ability of P. falciparum to develop resistance to effective and affordable drugs and to pyrathroids, the active principle of the insecticides treated nets (ITNs) has made constant search for new pharmacotherapy imperative. This review presents an overview of the life cycle of the causative organism (P. falciparum), the efforts at controlling the disease and the molecular and cellular basis of the infection, with special emphasis on molecular chaperones of the heat shock proteins family as critical components of the parasite intra-erythr ocytic development and survival. The motivation for the present work is also presented. 1.1 Introduction Malaria, whose pathogen is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes, is both preventable and curable, but yet still impacting negatively on the health of millions of people and account for high rate of mortality, especially among children in sub-Sahara Africa (Breman, 2001; Greenwood et al., 2008; Hay et al., 2004; Rowe et al., 2006; Snow et al., 2005). Five species of the genus Plasmodium, the protozoan parasites, responsible for malaria infection are known to infect humans. They are P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. knowlesi. It has been proposed that P. ovale consist of two species (Cox-Singh, 2010) and that zoonosis is the medium through which P. knowlesi infect humans (White, 2008). Of these, P. falciparum and P. vivax are numerically most important, with the former responsible for the most virulent, severe and dangerous form of human malaria (Greenwood et al., 2008). The World Health Organization (WHO) 2011 Malaria reports (WHO | World Malaria Report 2011, 2012) estimated a total of 216 million episodes of malaria in 2010 with at least 655 000 deaths, mostly in Africa and among children under the age of 5 years. Malaria was reported to be prevalent in 99 countries with an estimated 3.3 billion people at risk. Though, supports by international donors has led to rapid decrease in malaria mortality, especially among adults in Africa, Murray et al., (2012) contended that the malaria mortality burden may actually be larger than previously estimated and that for the necessary elimination and eradication to be achieved at larger scale, there is an urgent need for more supports. Factors, such as lack ofsanitation, malnutrition, lack or reduced access to medications, poverty and the location of many of the poor countries affected by malaria in the tropical zones, all combined together to create an enabling environment for the disease to thrive. Though pre ventive approaches such as good sanitation and distribution of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) (Curtis et al., 2006), have been employed as strategy towards the eradication of this disease, chemotherapy remains the most widely used approach. The ability of P. falciparum to develop resistance to effective and affordable drugs (Cheeseman et al., 2012; Jambou et al., 2005; Mller Hyde, 2010; Phyo et al., 2012) and to pyrethroids, the active principle of the insecticides treated nets (ITNs) (Fane et al., 2012; NGuessan et al., 2007) has made constant search for new pharmacotherapy imperative. Malaria parasite life cycle is a complex mechanism involving two hosts, human and female Anopheles mosquitoes. However, the clinical symptoms of the disease are associated with the invasion of the erythrocytes by the parasite, its growth, division inside the host cell and the cyclic cell lysis and reinvasion of new erythrocytes. The intra-erythrocytic survival and development of the parasite as well as the pathology of the infection are linked to structural and functional remodeling of the host cell through the export of parasite-encoded proteins (Botha et al., 2007; Miller et al., 2002; Pesce Blatch, 2009; Przyborski Lanzer, 2005). Meanwhile, attempts have been made to present an extensive description of the protein interaction network for P. falciparum (LaCount et al., 2005) and about 300 parasite-encoded proteins are predicted to be exported (Marti et al., 2004; Sargeant et al., 2006). Among the exported proteins are the molecular chaperones of the heat shock protein family (Nya lwidhe Lingelbach, 2006). Molecular chaperone are a family of proteins that function to stabilize proteins, facilitate their translocation across intracellular membranes, their degradation, and ensure that proteins in a cell are properly folded and functional (Hartl Hayer-Hartl, 2002; Hartl, 1996). PFA0660w belongs to an extended family of Hsp40 proteins predicted to be transported by the parasite into the host cell (Hiller et al., 2004; Marti et al., 2005; Sargeant et al., 2006). It is a Type II Hsp40 protein, said to be homologous to human DnaJB4, a cytosolic type II Hsp40, known to interact with human Hsp70 to facilitate protein folding, transport and assembly (Botha et al., 2007). Recent studies have localized PFA0660w into structures in the infected erythrocyte, called the J-dots (Kulzer et al., 2010); said to be exported in complex with P. falciparum Hsp70-x (PfHsp70-x) into the J dots (Kulzer et al., 2012) and failure to obtain a viable PFA0660w-knocked-out parasite (Maier et al., 2008), suggests that it may be essential for the survival of the parasite in the infected erythrocytes and therefore a potential target for drug action. 1.2 Malaria Infection 1.2.1 Background information Malaria, though curable and preventable, remains a life-threatening disease that was noted in more than 4,000 years ago and has being responsible for millions of death. World Health Organization (WHO) listed malaria among the most important infectious diseases of the tropics and form part of the sixth millennium development goal (MDG 6) (WHO | MDG 6: combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, 2012). The target 6C of MDG 6 is to bring malaria and other major diseases to a halt by 2015 and begin to reverse their incidences. Strategies advocated by WHO to combat malaria includes prevention with the use of long-lasting insecticides treated bed-nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying, and rapid treatment with effective anti-malarial medicines with special focus on pregnant women and young children. WHO Roll Back Malaria further recommends that to control Plasmodium falciparum malaria during pregnancy, in addition to individual protection with ITNs and prompt management of anaemia and m alaria using effective anti-malaria drugs, intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) or chemoprophylaxis should be encouraged (WHO | Malaria in pregnancy, 2012). Though, the World Health Organization (WHO) 2011 Malaria reports (WHO | World Malaria Report 2011, 2012) estimated at least 655 000 deaths as a result of malaria infection, mostly in Africa and among children under the age of 5 years, the mortality burden may actually be larger than previously estimated, thus, the need for improved supports by the funding organization to be able to achieve the much needed malaria elimination and eradication (Murray et al., 2012). Malaria is caused by the transmission of parasites to humans by female Anopheles mosquitoes during a blood meal. Plasmodium falciparum is known to be responsible for high rate of mortality, especially among children in sub-Saharan Africa, mostly under age 5 years (Breman, 2001; Greenwood et al., 2008; Hay et al., 2004; Rowe et al., 2006; Snow et al., 2005). Apart from the fact that many of the countries that are mostly affected are located in the tropical region of the world, increasing level of poverty, with its attendant economic consequences, coupled with lack of or improper sanitation and reduced access to prompt medication are factors that are creating enabling environment for the disease to thrive. Though preventive approaches such as the use of insecticide treated bed nets, IPTp and chemoprophylaxis with good sanitation (Curtis et al., 2006; WHO | Malaria in pregnancy, 2012), have been employed as strategy towards the eradication of this disease, the use of chemotherapeutic drugs remains the most widely used approach (Butler et al., 2010; DAlessandro, 2009). However, the success of this strategy has been hampered by the resilient of the parasite in continually creating resistance to the available drugs. The ability of P. falciparum to develop resistance to effective and affordable drugs (Cheeseman et al., 2012; Jambou et al., 2005; Mller Hyde, 2010; Phyo et al., 2012) and to pyrethroids, the active principle of the insecticides treated nets (ITNs) (Fane et al., 2012; NGuessan et al., 2007), has made constant search for new pharmacotherapy imperative. However, notwithstanding the centrality of chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy in efforts at combating the menace of malaria infe ction (DAlessandro, 2009), and wide distribution of insecticide-impregnated bed nets, efforts aimed at enhancing long lasting protective immunity through vaccination, of which RTS,S is emerging as most promising vaccine formulation, have also been intensified (Ballou, 2009; Casares et al., 2010). 1.2.2 Life Cycle of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria parasite life cycle (Figure 1.1) is a complex mechanism involving two hosts, human and female Anopheles mosquitoes. The survival of the parasite during several stages of its development depends on its ability to invade and grow within multiple cell types and to evade host immune responses by using their specialized proteins (Florens et al., 2002; Greenwood et al., 2008). Sporozoites (infective stage), merozoites (erythrocytes invading stage), trophozoites (multiplying form in erythrocytes), and gametocytes (sexual stages) are stages involved in the development of the parasite. These stages are unique in shapes, structures and complementary proteins. The continuous changes in surface proteins and metabolic pathways during these stages help the parasites to survive the host immune response and create challenges for drugs and vaccines development (Florens et al., 2002). The sporogony or sexual phase occurs in mosquitoes, resulting in the development of numerous infective forms of the parasites which when ingested by human host induced disease. During a blood meal by female Anopheles mosquitoes from an individual infected with malaria, the male and female gametocytes of the parasite enter into the gut of the mosquito, adjust itself to the insect host environment and initiate the sporogonic cycle. The fusion of male and female gametes produced zygotes, which subsequently develop into actively moving ookinetes that pierced into the mosquito midgut wall to develop into oocysts. Each oocyst divides to produce numerous active haploid forms called sporozoites which are subsequently released into the mosquitos body cavity following the burst of the oocyst. The released sporozoites travel to and invade the mosquito salivary glands, from where they get injected into the human bloodstream during another blood meal, causing malaria infection (Barillas-Mury Kum ar, 2005; Ferguson Read, 2004; Hill, 2006). The parasite life cycle traverse two hosts (Man and Mosquito) with each stage involving complex cellular and molecular modifications. To prevent blood clots, Sporozoites infected saliva are deposited into Man during blood meal by female Anopheles mosquitoes, make their way to the liver, develop over time into hypnozoites (dormant stage, usually responsible for relapse of infection) or merozoites (that are released into blood stream to invade erythrocytes). The clinical symptoms of the disease are associated with the invasion of the erythrocytes by the parasite, its growth, division inside the host cell and the cyclic cell lysis and reinvasion of new erythrocytes. The schizogony or asexual phase of the life cycle occurs in human host. The cycle is initiated from the liver by the ingested sporozoites and later continues within the red blood cells, resulting in the clinical manifestations of the malaria disease. Following the introduction of invasive sporozoites into the skin after mosquito bite, they are either destroyed by macrophages, enter the lymphatics and drain into the lymph nodes from where they can develop into exoerythrocytic stages (Vaughan et al., 2008) and prime the T cells as a way of mounting protective immune response (Good Doolan, 2007) and/or blood vessel (Silvie et al., 2008b; Vaughan et al., 2008; Yamauchi et al., 2007), from where they made their way into the liver. While in the liver, sporozoites negotiate through the liver sinusoids, entered into hepatocytes, followed by multiplication and growth in parasitophorous vacuoles into schizonts, each of which contains thousands of merozoites, especially with P. falciparum (Ami no et al., 2006; Jones Good, 2006; Kebaier et al., 2009). Thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) family and an actinmyosin motor has been show to help sporozoites in its continuous sequence of stick-and-slip motility (Baum et al., 2006; Mnter et al., 2009; Yamauchi et al., 2007) and that it growth and development within the liver cells is facilitated by the circumsporozoite protein of the parasite (Prudncio et al., 2006; Singh et al., 2007). This stick and slip motility prevent the parasite from been washed away by the circulating blood into kidney from where they can be destroyed and removed from the body. Motility is driven by an actin-myosin motor located underneath the plasma membrane. The sporozoite journey is propelled by a unique actin-myosin system, which allows extracellular migration, cell traversal and cell invasion (Kappe et al., 2004).This is a single cycle phase with no clinical symptoms, unlike the erythrocytic stage, which occurs repeatedly and characterize d with clinical manifestation. The hepatocytic merozoites are stored in vesicles called merosomes where they are protected from the phagocytotic action of Kupffer cells. The release of these merozoites into the blood stream via the lung capillaries initiates the blood stage of the infection (Silvie et al., 2008b). In some cases (as it can be found with P. vivax and P. ovale malaria) dormant sporozoites, called hypnozoites, are formed and remain in the liver for a long time. These hypnozoites are usually responsible for the development of relapse of clinical malaria infection and has been reported to be genotypically different from the infective sporozoites ingested after a mosquito bite (Cogswell, 1992; Collins, 2007). The development of the parasite within the red blood cells occur with precise cyclic accuracy with each repeated cycles producing hundreds of daughter cells that subsequently invades more red blood cells. The clinical symptoms of the disease are associated with the invasion of the erythrocytes by th e parasite, its growth, division inside the host cell and the cyclic cell lysis and reinvasion of new erythrocytes. The invasion of RBCs by the merozoites takes place within seconds and made possible by series of receptorligand interactions. The ability of the merozoites to quickly disappear from circulation into the RBCs protect its surface antigens from exposure to the host immune response (Cowman Crabb, 2006; Greenwood et al., 2008; Silvie et al., 2008b). Unlike P. Vivax, which invade the RBCs by binding to Duffy blood group, the more virulent P. falciparum possess varieties of Duffy binding-like (DBL) homologous proteins and the reticulocyte binding-like homologous proteins that allows it to recognize and bind effectively to different RBC receptors (Mayer et al., 2009; Weatherall et al., 2002). Micronemes, rhoptries, and dense granules are the specialized apical secretory organelles of the merozoite that help the merozoites to attach, invade, and establish itself in the red cel l. The successful formation of stable parasitehost cell junction is followed by entering into the cells through the erythrocyte bilayer. This entrance is made possible with the aid of the actinmyosin motor, proteins of the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein family (TRAP) and aldolase, leading to the creation of a parasitophorous vacuole, that isolate the intracellular ring parasite from the host-cell cytoplasm, thereby creating a conducive environment for its development (Bosch et al., 2007; Cowman Crabb, 2006; Haldar Mohandas, 2007). The intra-erythrocytic parasite is faced with the challenge of surviving in an environment devoid of standard biosynthetic pathways and intracellular organelles in the red cells. This challenge is overcome by the ability of the parasite to adjust its nutritional requirement to haemoglobin only, formation of a tubovesicular network, thereby expanding it surface area and by export of a range of remodeling and virulence factors into the red cell (Silvie et al., 2008b). Following the ingestion of the hemoglobin into the food vacuole, it is degraded to make available the amino acids for protein biosynthesis. Heme is a toxic free radical capable of destroying the parasite within the red blood cells. Heme polymerase is used by the parasite for the detoxification of heme and the resulting hemozoin is sequestrated as hemozoin. As the parasite grows and multiplies, new permeation pathways are created in the host cell membrane to help in the uptake of solutes from the extracellular medium, disp osal of metabolic wastes, and in initiating and sustaining electrochemical ion gradients, thereby preserving the osmotic stability of the infected red cells and thus, premature hemolysis (Kirk, 2001; Lew et al., 2003). 1.2.3 Control of Malaria infection Preventive measures are a critical step towards the control and eradication of malaria. Preventive approach can broadly be divided into two Infection control and Vector control. Infection control focuses on preventing the development of the disease as a result of occasional mosquito bite or relapse of previous infection (Lell et al., 2000; Walsh et al., 1999b). This involves the use of chemoprophylaxis. Travellers to malaria endemic countries are expected to start prophylaxis at least two weeks before and to continue up to two weeks after. One important target group in the infection control using chemoprophylaxis are the pregnant women. Intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women (IPTp) is the globally acknowledge approach for prevention of malaria in pregnancy (Vallely et al., 2007; WHO | Malaria in pregnancy, 2012). Sulphadoxin-pyrimethamine (SP) has been used for this purpose and there are compelling arguments for the use of artesunate-SP (Jansen, 2011). To ensure long lasting prevention, this approach should be combined with vector control. Vector control focuses on protecting against mosquitoes bite, thereby preventing the transmission of the parasite to Man. Strategies for vector control include the use of residual spraying of insecticides, insect repellent cream or spray, sleeping under bed nets, especially, the insecticide impregnated bed nets (ITNs) and proper sanitation (Curtis et al., 2006; Lavialle-Defaix et al., 2011; WHO | Insecticide-treated materials,). WHO provides guideline for the production, preparation, distribution and the use of the ITNs (WHO | Insecticide-treated materials,). With the reported resistance to pyrathroids, an active principle of the insecticides treated bed nets (Fane et al., 2012; NGuessan et al., 2007), all strategies involving the use of chemical agents, also faces the global challenge of developing resistance. Training in proper sanitation and its sustainability from generation to generation is most probably the best approach in controlling the malaria disease. Personal and general hygiene which involve in-door and out-door cleaning, good refuse disposal practices, eradication of stagnant water, proper sewage disposal and clean, dry and uninterrupted drainages are examples of good sanitation practices that will not only prevent malaria infection, but also other killer diseases of the tropics. Sanitation is not only cheap and affordable; it is within the reach of everybody. 1.2.3.2 Malaria Chemotherapy Despite the use of preventive approaches outlined above (Curtis et al., 2006; WHO | Malaria in pregnancy, 2012), as strategy towards the eradication of this malaria, the use of chemotherapeutic drugs remains the most widely used approach (Butler et al., 2010; DAlessandro, 2009). They are widely employed as prophylaxis, suppressive and curative. However, the success of this strategy has been hampered by the resilient of the parasite in continually creating resistance to the available drugs. The ability of P. falciparum to develop resistance to effective and affordable drugs (Cheeseman et al., 2012; Jambou et al., 2005; Mller Hyde, 2010; Phyo et al., 2012) and to pyrethroids, the active principle of the insecticides treated nets (ITNs) (Fane et al., 2012; NGuessan et al., 2007), has made constant search for new pharmacotherapy imperative. Various approaches have been employed to identify new antimalaria agents with a view to reducing cost, ensuring availability and reducing the incidences of resistance (Rosenthal, 2003). Chemical modification of the existing antimalarial is a simple approach and required no extensive knowledge of the mechanism of drug action and the biology of the infection. Many drugs in use today have been produced using this approach, including chloroquine, primaquine and mefloquine from quinine (Stocks et al., 2001), 8-aminoquinoline, tafenoquine, from primaquine (Walsh et al., 1999a) and lumefantrine from halofantrine (van Vugt et al., 2000). Another approach is the use of plant derived compound with little or no chemical modification has led to the discovery of potent antimalarial such as artemisinins (Meshnick, 2001). Also, the use of other agents not originally designed for malaria such as folate antagonists, tetracyclines and antibiotics that were reported to be active against malaria parasit es (Clough Wilson, 2001) is another viable approach to drug discovery. Resistance reversals such verapamil, desipramine and trifluoperazine (van Schalkwyk et al., 2001) have also been used in combination with antimalaria drugs to improve therapy. Optimization of therapy with existing antimalaria agents is widely used as a productive approach towards improving therapy. Optimization of therapy underscore the need for combination therapy with newer and older drugs and with agents that are not original designed as antimalaria but which can potentiate the antimalaria property and/or block resistance to antimalaria agents. Thus for the combination to be ideal, it should improve antimalarial efficacy, providing additive or synergistic antiparasitic activity and slow the progression of parasite resistance to the antimalaria agents. For example, combination of artesunate with sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (von Seidlein et al., 2000) or with amodiaquine (Adjuik et al., 2002), if devoid of underlying resistance to the artesunate partners which can lead to high rates recrudescence (Dorsey et al., 2002), may prove to be optimal antimalarial agents. Other combinations that have been effectively used include artesunate and mefloquine (Price et al., 1997) and artemether and lumefantrine (Lefevre et al., 2001). The combination of analog of proguanil (chlorproguanil) with dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) inhibitor (dapsone), originally produced to treat leprosy (Mutabingwa et al., 2001) has open up a new and effective approach in antimalaria drug therapy. The use of dapsone and other drug resistance reversers such as verapamil, desipramine, trifluoperazine (van Schalkwyk et al., 2001) and Chlorpheniramine (Sowunmi et al., 1997) has shown potential for reducing the rate of drug resistance. Table 1.1: Classes and Mechanism of Antimalarial drugs CLASSES OF DRUGS Gametocidal Tafenoquine Gamatocidal Gametocidal biguanides (proguanil, cycloguanil), Trimethoprim CLASSES OF DRUGS Clindamycin, Spiramycin m ubiquinol to cytochrome C (Vaidya, 2001). Meanwhile, one important and innovative approach towards drug discovery in malaria chemotherapy is the search for new antimalaria drug target. Such targets include parasite membrane (Vial Calas, 2001), food vacuole (Banerjee et al., 2002), mitochondrial and apicoplast (Ralph et al., 2001; Vaidya, 2001). The cytosol, which is the centre of metabolic activities (e.g. folate metabolism and glycolysis) and enzymes activities have proven to be valuable as potential target for drug action (Plowe, 2001; Razakantoanina et al., 2000). To survive and develop within the erythrocytes, Plasmodium falciparum export most of its virulent factors into the cytosol of the infected erythrocytes. Among these are the molecular chaperones of the heat shock proteins which are focus of many researches and are increasingly gaining ground as potential target of drug action (Behr et al., 1992; Kumar et al., 1990). 1.2.3.3 Malaria Vaccines Notwithstanding the centrality of chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy in efforts at combating the menace of malaria infection (DAlessandro, 2009), and wide distribution of insecticide-impregnated bed nets, efforts aimed at enhancing long lasting protective immunity through vaccination, of which RTS,S is emerging as most promising vaccine formulation, has been intensified (Ballou, 2009; Casares et al., 2010). These attempts at producing an effective vaccine against malaria infection has, however, for many years proved unsuccessful (Andr, 2003; Artavanis-Tsakonas et al., 2003). Having a vaccine that can completely block transmission from human to mosquito host can be a major limp towards global eradication of malaria. But, the absences of such immunity may explain the possible partnership between the parasite and the host, developed over a long time of co-habitation (Evans Wellems, 2002). On the other hand, a vaccine developed in line with the model of naturally acquired immunity that o ffers protections against morbidity and mortality, offers more encouragement. Such a vaccine will be a major step in the right direction and may not require regular booster vaccination like it would with vaccine that target infection transmission blockage (Struik Riley, 2004). Meanwhile, the development of natural immunity, after a long term exposure to the infection, especially with people living in the endemic areas has been reported (Baird, 1995; Hoffman et al., 1987; Rogier et al., 1996). The rate of acquired immunity in infants is faster than older children, but they also stand the chance of higher risk of developing severe malaria infection and anaemia (Aponte et al., 2007). Though, adults who, having obtained naturally acquired immunity, migrated to malaria-free zones, stands the risk of contacting the diseases upon return to their endemic region, documentary evidences however revealed that their responses to such re-infection are very rapid and tend to respond to treatment and recover faster than those who have not been previously xposed. (Di Perri G et al., 1994; Jelinek et al., 2002; Lepers et al., 1988). While this naturally acquired immunity is beneficial, it leaves the most vulnerable population (children and pregnant women though the mother may be immune, the foetus is not) at risk, as they are yet to gain enough exposure for such immunity to take place. Aponte et al., (2007) also showed that a reduced exposure toP. falciparumantigens through chemoprophylaxis early in life have the potential to delay immunity acquisition. Furthermore, it does not appear that naturally acquired immunity have any effect on transmission of malaria. This further explained the possibility of an evolving host-parasite relationship (Evans Wellems, 2002), which might have been developed over a long time host-parasite co-evolution. Therefore, understanding the compromises that may have developed over time between the parasite and the host may be an important approach towards developing a much needed vaccine. 1.3 Molecular and Cellular Basis of Malaria Infection Following blood meal by an Anopheles female mosquito accompany with the release of saliva to prevent blood coagulation (Beier, 1998), malaria parasites are deposited or ejection of into the skin (Frischknecht et al., 2004; Vanderberg Frevert, 2004). By continuous gliding in the skin, the sporozoite reach a blood vessel, breach the endothelial barrier and enter the blood circulation (Amino et al., 2007; Vanderberg Frevert, 2004) and/or breach a lymphatic vessel to enter the draining lymph node, where exoerythrocytic stages of sporozoites development may take place (Amino et al., 2006). A micronemal protein, called thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP), has been shown to be responsible for the gliding motility and invasion mosquito vector salivary gland and in mammalian host (Kappe et al., 1999). The sporozoite transversal to the liver and the merozoites invasion and remodeling of the host cells are complex but necessary processes for the survival and development of the par asite. 1.3.1 Cell Transversal Sporozoite possesses the ability to transverse cells i.e move in and out of the host cells by membrane disruption (Mota et al., 2002, 2001; Vanderberg Stewart, 1990). Among the proteins secreted by the micronemes that have been implicated in host cell traversal are SPECT1 (sporozoite microneme proteinessential forcelltraversal 1) and SPECT2 (Ishino et al., 2005, 2004). The absence of SPECT1orSPECT2in mutant sporozoite does not prevent gliding motility but prevent migration through host cells (Ishino et al., 2004).Other proteins of importance to sporozoite cell traversal prior to hepatocyte infection, includes TRAP-Like Protein (Moreira et al., 2008), a sporozoite secreted phospholipase (Bhanot et al., 2005), and celltraversal protein forookinete andsporozoite (Kariu et al., 2006). Similarly, the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) probably plays a role in targeting sporozoites to hepatocytes by interacting with heparin sulfate proteoglycans (Sinnis Sim, 1997). 1.3.2 Liver stage development Upon entering the bloodstream, infectious sporozoite makes it way to the liver. Circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is highly expressed at this stage of the parasite life cycle. Using the sporozoites that expresses fluorescent proteins under the control of CSP and intravital imaging, Frevert and colleagues were able to show the movement of sporozoites in the liver (Frevert et al., 2005). The study showed that sporozoite migrates through several hepatocytes before finally settling in one, form PV and begin the liver stage development. CSP, mediated by low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein LRP-1, and other highly expressed proteins by Kupffer cells, play an important role in inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species via the generation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) which stimulates adenyl cyclase activity (Usynin et al., 2007). Ishino and co-workers reported that two parasite molecules P36 and P52/P36p are involved in sporozoite invasion of hepatocytes with the formation of a PV membrane (PVM) (Ishino et al., 2005). Apart from CSP, other gene product that has been implicated in liver stage development of the parasite includes sporozoite low complexity asparagine-rich protein (SAP1) (Aly et al., 2008) and sporozoite and liver stage asparagine-rich protein (SLARP) (Silvie et al., 2008a) 1.3.3 Erythrocyte Invasion Erythrocyte invasion involves four steps, namely, initial merozoites binding, reorientation and erythrocyte deformation, specific interaction and junction formation and parasite entry (Figure 1.2). Merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) is a well characterized merozoite surface proteins implicated in initial merozoite binding. It has been reported to be uniformly distributed over the merozo